Monday

 Here is what you will be doing this week:

Monday: We will finish chapter 1 of your textbook and finish the reading guides.

Tuesday - Friday: Read chapter 2  and Answer the questions below. Also do the SAQ quiz.

CHAPTER 2: THE PLANTING OF ENGLISH AMERICA                   

1.  What was the impact of England's defeat of the Spanish Armada?

2.  What was the status of England as it began colonization?

3.  How was the first permanent English settlement financed?

4.  How were Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia similar? Different?

5.  Why was it important that all English settlers in the New World retained the rights of   

     Englishmen?  

6.  How would one characterize the early years at Jamestown?

7.  How did Captain John Smith "save" Jamestown?

8.  What were the factors leading to the downfall of the Powhatans?

9.  What was the impact of the tobacco industry on Jamestown?

10.  Why was the House of Burgesses an important precedent in the American colonies?

11.  Why was Maryland established? Who founded it (he had two names)?

12.  Why was tobacco considered a poor man's crop?

13.  Why was sugar considered a rich man's crop?

14.  What was the Barbados slave code? How did it impact the Americas?

15.  How did South Carolina prosper economically?

16.  What were the major exports of the Carolinas?

17.  Why was Georgia founded? By whom?

18.  Why did Georgia grow slowly?

19.  What were similarities/differences in the southern plantations colonies by 1750?

SAQ QUIZ :

1. Use your knowledge of US History to answer parts a, b and c.

a. Briefly explain ONE way in which North American Indians adapted to their environment.

b. Briefly explain how this was different than another indian group in North America.

c. Briefly explain ONE way in which Native Americans responded to Europeans.

 

2. Use your knowledge of US History to answer parts a, b and c.

a. Briefly explain ONE motive for European exploration.

b. Identify ONE piece of technology that helped Europeans conquer the new world.

c. Briefly explain why technology was not the main reason that Europeans conquered the new world.

 

“I want the natives to develop a friendly attitude toward us because I know that they are a people who can be made free and converted to our Holy Faith more by love than by force.  I therefore gave red caps to some and glass beads to others.  They hung the beads around their necks, along with some other things of slight value that I gave them….I warned my men to take nothing from the people without giving something in exchange.”

 

3. Using the excerpt, answer a, b, and c

a.  Briefly explain the point of view expressed by Columbus in the excerpt

b. Briefly explain what powerful group in Spain, other than the monarchy, Columbus would be appealing to in the above passage?

c. Provide an example of contact between Europeans and the first inhabitants of America that is not consistent with the above passage.

FINALLY I want you to SOAPSTone primary source - Columbus. The link is below:

Christopher Columbus Letter

 

BELOW IS AN OUTLINE OF Chapter 1

1. The Shaping of North America

   1. Recorded history began 6,000 years ago. It was 500 years ago that Europeans set foot on the

      Americas to begin colonization

   2. The theory of “Pangaea” exists suggesting that the continents were once nestled together into

      one mega-continent. They then spread out as drifting islands.

   3. Geologic forces of continental plates created the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains.

   4. The Great Ice Age thrust down over North America & scoured the present day American

      Midwest.

2. Peopling the Americas

   1. “Land Bridge”
      1. As the Great Ice Age diminished, so did the glaciers over North America.
      2. The theory holds that a “Land Bridge” emerged linking Asia & North America across

      what’s today the Bering Sea. People were said to have walked across the “bridge”

      before the sea level rose and sealed it off and thus populated the Americas. 3. The Land Bridge is suggested as occurring an estimated 35,000 years ago.

   2. Many peoples

      1. Those groups that traversed the bridge spread across North, Central, and South

         America.

      2. Countless tribes emerged with an estimated 2,000 languages. Notably...

         1. Incas – Peru, with elaborate network of roads and bridges linking their empire.

         2. Mayas – Yucatan Peninsula, with their step pyramids.

         3. A z t e c s – Mexico, with step pyramids and huge sacrifices of

            conquered peoples.

3. The Earliest Americans

   1. Development of corn or “maize” around 5,000 B.C. in Mexico was revolutionary in that...

      1. Then, people didn’t have to be hunter-gatherers, they could settle down and be farmers.

      2. This fact gave rise to towns and then cities.

      3. Corn arrived in the present day U.S. around 1,200 B.C.

   2. Pueblo Indians

      1. The Pueblos were the 1st American corn growers.

      2. They lived in adobe houses (dried mud) and pueblos (“villages” in Spanish). Pueblos

         are villages of cubicle shaped adobe houses, stacked one on top the other and often

         beneath cliffs.

      3. They had elaborate irrigation systems to draw water away from rivers to grown corn.

   3. Mound Builders

      1. These people built huge ceremonial and burial mounds and were located in the Ohio

         Valley.

      2. Cahokia, near East St. Louis today, held 40,000 people.

   4. Eastern Indians

1. Eastern Indians grew corn, beans, and squash in “three sister” farming...

1. Corn grew in a stalk providing a trellis for beans, beans grew up the stalk, squash’s broad leaves kept the sun off the ground and thus kept the moisture in the soil.

2. This group likely had the best (most diverse) diet of all North American Indians and is typified by the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw (South) and Iroquois (North).

v. Iroquois Confederation

1. Hiawatha was the legendary leader of the group.

2. The Iroquois Confederation was a group of 5 tribes in New York state.

3. They were matrilineal as authority and possessions passed down through the female

   line.

4. Each tribe kept their independence, but met occasionally to discuss matters of common

   interest, like war/defense.

 Indirect Discoverers of the New World
 

i. The 1st Europeans to come to America were the Norse (Vikings from Norway).

1. Around 1000 AD, the Vikings landed, led by Erik the Red and Leif Erikson.

2. They landed in “Newfoundland” or “Vinland” (because of all the vines).

3. However, these men left America and left no written record and therefore didn’t get the

   credit.

4. The only record is found in Viking sagas or songs.

ii. The Christian Crusaders of Middle Ages fought in Palestine to regain the Holy Land from Muslims. This mixing of East and West created a sweet-tooth where Europeans wanted the spices of the exotic East.

Europeans Enter Africa

1. Marco Polo traveled to China and stirred up a storm of European interest.

2. Mixed with desire for spices, an East to West (Asia to Europe) trade flourished but had to be overland, at least in part. This initiated new exploration down around Africa in hopes of an easier (all water) route.

3. Portugal literally started a sailing school to find better ways to get to the “Spice Islands,” eventually rounding Africa’s southern Cape of Good Hope.

4. New developments...

   1. caravel – a ship with triangular sail that could better tack (zig-zag) ahead into the wind

      and thus return to Europe from Africa coast.

   2. compass – to determine direction.

   3. astrolabe – a sextant gizmo that could tell a ship’s latitude.

5. Slave trade begins

   1. The 1st slave trade was across the Sahara Desert.

   2. Later, it was along the West African coast. Slave traders purposely busted up tribes and

      families in order to squelch any possible uprising.

   3. Slaves wound up on sugar plantations the Portuguese had set up on the tropical islands

      off Africa’s coast.

   4. Spain watched Portugal’s success with exploration and slaving and wanted a piece of

      the pie.

Columbus Comes upon a New World

1. Columbus convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to fund his expedition.

2. His goal was to reach the East (East Indies) by sailing west, thus bypassing the around-Africa

   route that Portugal monopolized.

3. He misjudged the size of the Earth though, thinking it 1/3 the size of what it was.

4. So, after 30 days or so at sea, when he struck land, he assumed he’d made it to the East Indies

   and therefore mistook the people as “Indians.”

5. This spawned the following system...

   1. Europe would provide the market, capital, technology.

   2. Africa would provide the labor.

   3. The New World would provide the raw materials (gold, soil, lumber).

When Worlds Collide

1. Of huge importance was the biological flip-flop of Old and New Worlds. Simply put, we traded

   life such as plants, foods, animals, germs.

2. From the New World (America) to the Old

   1. corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkin, squash, tomato, wild rice, etc.

   2. also, syphilis

3. From Old World to the New

   1. cows, pigs, horses, wheat, sugar cane, apples, cabbage, citrus, carrots, Kentucky bluegrass, etc.

   2. devastating diseases – smallpox, yellow fever, malaria as Indians had no immunities.

a. The Indians had no immunities in their systems built up over generations.

VIII. The Spanish Conquistadores

1. Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 – Portugal and Spain feuded over who got what land. The Pope

   drew this line as he was respected by both.

   1. The line ran North-South, and chopped off the Brazilian coast of South America

   2. Portugal – got everything east of the line (Brazil and land around/under Africa)

   3. Spain – got everything west of the line (which turned out to be much more, though they

      didn’t know it at the time)

2. Conquistadores = “conquerors”

   1. Vasco Balboa – “discovered” the Pacific Ocean across isthmus of Panama

   2. Ferdinand Magellan – circumnavigates the globe (1st to do so)

   3. Ponce de Leon – touches and names Florida looking for legendary “Fountain of

      Youth”

   4. Hernando Cortes – enters Florida, travels up into present day Southeastern U.S., dies

      and is “buried” in Mississippi River

   5. Francisco Pizarro – conquers Incan Empire of Peru and begins shipping tons of

      gold/silver back to Spain. This huge influx of precious metals made European prices

      skyrocket (inflation).

   6. Francisco Coronado – ventured into current Southwest U.S. looking for legendary El

      Dorado, city of gold. He found the Pueblo Indians.

3. Encomienda system established

   1. Indians were “commended” or given to Spanish landlords

   2. The idea of the encomienda was that Indians would work and be converted to

      Christianity, but it was basically just slavery on a sugar plantation guised as missionary

      work.

IX. The Conquest of Mexico

1. Hernando Cortez conquered the Aztecs at Tenochtitlan.

2. Cortez went from Cuba to present day Vera Cruz, then marched over mountains to the Aztec

   capital.

3. Montezuma, Aztec king, thought Cortez might be the god Quetzalcoatl who was due to re-

   appear the very year. Montezuma welcomed Cortez into Tenochtitlan.

4. The Spanish lust for gold led Montezuma to attack on the noche triste, sad night. Cortez and

   men fought their way out, but it was smallpox that eventually beat the Indians.

5. The Spanish then destroyed Tenochtitlan, building the Spanish capital (Mexico City) exactly on

   top of the Aztec city.

6. A new race of people emerged, mestizos, a mix of Spanish and Indian blood.

X. The Spread of Spanish America

1. Spanish society quickly spread through Peru and Mexico

2. A threat came from neighbors...

   1. English – John Cabot (an Italian who sailed for England) touched the coast of the

      current day U.S.

   2. Italy – Giovanni de Verrazano also touched on the North American seaboard.

   3. France – Jacques Cartier went into mouth of St. Lawrence River (Canada).

3. To oppose this, Spain set up forts (presidios) all over the California coast. Also cities, like St. Augustine in Florida.

4. Don Juan de Onate followed Coronado’s old path into present day New Mexico. He conquered the Indians ruthlessly, maiming them by cutting off one foot of survivors just so they’d remember.

5. Despite mission efforts, the Pueblo Indians revolted in Pope’s Rebellion.

6. Robert de LaSalle sailed down the Mississippi River for France claiming the whole region for their King Louis and naming the area “Louisiana” after his king. This started a slew of place- names for that area, from LaSalle, Illinois to “Louisville” and then on down to New Orleans (the

   American counter of Joan of Arc’s famous victory at Orleans).

7. “Black Legend” – The Black Legend was the notion that Spaniards only brought bad things (murder, disease, slavery); though true, they also brought good things such as law systems, architecture, Christianity, language, civilization, so that the Black Legend is partly, but not entirely, accurate.